![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() One way to reduce contacts is to separate infectious individuals from the general population. Some forms of “social distancing” or “physical distancing” may be voluntary, but others may be mandated by governments and enforceable by law. During an epidemic or a pandemic of an infectious disease, public health prevention and control interventions may include restrictions on local and international travel and trade (Jacobsen, 2018). For contagious infections, one of the most valuable NPIs is limiting the number of contacts between potentially infected individuals and those who might be susceptible to the pathogen. The public health measures used to prevent and control the transmission of infectious diseases include a variety of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). The pandemic led to large decreases in mobility even in states without legal restrictions on travel, but statewide orders were effective public health policy tools for reducing human movement below the level achieved through voluntary behavior change. Similarly, there were fewer routing requests received by Apple in large cities for public transportation, walking, and driving, with a 10 percentage point greater mean reduction in metropolitan areas under statewide stay‐at‐home orders. The mean decrease in visitation rates across destination categories was about 30 percent in states without stay‐at‐home orders and 40 percent in states with stay‐at‐home orders. ![]() Based on Google mobility data, every state had substantially fewer visits to transit stations, retail and recreation facilities, workplaces, grocery stores, and pharmacies by the end of March 2020 than in the previous two months. Many jurisdictions enacted stay‐at‐home orders (also called shelter‐in‐place orders, safer‐at‐home orders, or lockdowns) when SARS‐CoV‐2 began spreading in the United States. ![]()
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